This week we're looking at a Christmassy twist on case 29 in the Gateless Barrier, a classic collection of Zen koans. (In the original, the two monks are arguing about the wind whipping the banner of a temple - is it the banner that moves, or the wind? Hopefully you'll agree that my mangling above is close to the spirit of the original whilst ticking the Christmas box.)

So we have this debate between the two monks, a sudden pivotal intervention by the sixth ancestral master of Zen (Huineng, who was also the subject of case 23), and the delightful reaction of the two monks. (I like to think that they turned to each other, Bill and Ted style, and said 'Whoah, excellent!', but maybe that's just me.)

The 'punchline' of the koan is Huineng's declaration that all the monks are seeing is the movement of their own minds. But what does this mean? Let's find out!

Some different meanings of 'mind'

One of the confusing things about the world of meditation is the way that the same word can often mean several different things depending on the context. So let's take a look at three meanings of 'mind', and figure out which one is meant here.

• 'Mind' as in 'mind and body'

In some places, particularly in early Buddhism, a distinction is sometimes made between 'mind' and 'body' (aka 'mentality' and 'materiality' if you want to sound fancy), very much like we make the same distinction in the modern world. The 'body' is this physical vehicle of ours, the thing that moves around the physical world and bumps into it from time to time. Physical things have size, shape, solidity, weight and so forth. By comparison, the 'mind' is the domain of the 'other stuff' - thoughts, emotions, memories and so on. Mental things don't have physical properties like size or shape, we can't say how much a thought weighs (although some thoughts can be pretty heavy...), but they're 'real' nevertheless, in as much as we experience them and they can be every bit as impactful as physical things.

Early Buddhism actually has several models of experience, including the Five Aggregates, which feature this mind/body distinction. In the Five Aggregates, for example, the first aggregate is the body, while the other four (the categorisation of experience as pleasant or unpleasant, our concepts/perceptions, our intentions and impulses, and our consciousness) are 'mind' in this sense. There are also insight techniques which revolve around exploring the interplay between mind and body - what actually happens when you decide to move your body in a certain way? What comes first, mind or body? Is it always that way?

It seems pretty clear, though, that this kind of 'mind' isn't what's meant in the koan. While I suppose you could argue that Santa's sleigh and eight tiny reindeer are actually figments of our imagination (at least if you want to ruin Christmas for everyone), the same can't be said for the wind or the banner of the temple. Those are physical phenomena, no doubt about it.

• 'Mind' as in 'the sense organ of thoughts'

Another oddity in Buddhism that can sometimes trip people up is the reference to 'six senses'. No, nothing to do with Bruce Willis. Another of early Buddhism's ways of carving up experience into buckets is into the six 'sense spheres' (aka ayatanas, the same word used for the higher jhanas in last week's article). These comprise the usual five senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell, plus the 'sixth sense' of thinking.

These six are sometimes broken out into three parts for each sense: the sense object, the sense organ, and the sense 'sphere', or sensory faculty. So, for vision, a sense object would be something you can see, like the coffee cup on the table in front of me as I'm writing this; the sense organ is the eye; and the sensory faculty is vision, i.e. my ability to have a visual experience. When all three (object, organ and sensory faculty) come together, we have a conscious experience.

So in this model, it's relatively obvious what the 'sense organ' and 'sense object' are for the first five senses - the eye and sights, the ear and sounds, the body and tactile sensations, the tongue and flavours, the nose and scents. But what about the sixth sense? Generally, we would say that the 'sense objects' here are 'thoughts' (or memories, mental images, etc.), while the 'sense organ' is the 'mind'. I've sometimes toyed with saying 'brain' instead of 'mind' for the corresponding sense organ, because the brain is something physical whereas 'mind' is a bit more ephemeral and ungraspable, but haven't really settled on a preferred way to say it.

Again, it seems like this use of 'mind' isn't really what's meant in the koan. Even if we interpret Huineng's statement as saying that the monks are just arguing because their minds are agitated, he would really be saying that their thoughts are agitated, not that their minds are agitated. Just because we can see a lot of movement doesn't mean that the eye is agitated - it means that the eye is looking at a turbulent, chaotic scene. (You could probably argue the toss on this one, and doing so would probably be quite an interesting insight practice if you approach it experientially rather than intellectually/philosophically, so give it a go and let me know how you get on!)

• 'Mind' as a synonym for 'awareness'

Yet another usage for the word 'mind' is to mean basically the same thing as 'awareness'. But what exactly is awareness anyway? Well, that's where things get interesting - and where the koan comes to life.

Stop reading for a moment and take a look around. Notice what you can hear, what you can feel, what thoughts you might be experiencing. Then notice that all of these things are happening within your awareness. That is, the only way you know that anything at all is happening is because you're aware of it - and so your awareness must somehow 'contain' absolutely everything that's going on.

An interesting meditation practice is to try to pay attention to your awareness itself - not any of the specific phenomena arising and passing away within awareness, but to awareness itself, to the 'container' of those experiences. (This approach can be one way in to the practice of Silent Illumination.) If we're patient, we can find ourselves somehow arriving at a 'broad' perspective which contains everything without being quite so attached to anything in particular, and this can be very restful and enjoyable. Cultivating this experience is a great thing to do, and if you take nothing else away from today's article, this is plenty.

After you've been doing this for a while, though, there's another step we can take, which is to investigate the nature of this 'awareness'. What exactly is it? Is it a sight, or a sound, or a feeling, or a thought? Presumably not, because all of those things are contained within it. So what exactly is it? Is it any kind of thing at all?

I can't answer that question for you - you have to do it for yourself. Of course I can say more about it, but being 'told the answer' won't change anything for you on an experiential level. Really, it's better to stop reading now and go practise until you've got it. Nevertheless, this article will feel a bit incomplete if I stop here, so I'll go on, and you can maybe come back after you've found the answer for yourself to see if you arrived at the same understanding that I'm going to present. (Maybe you won't! That's part of the fun...)

As it turns out, the answer is that, no, awareness isn't any kind of 'thing' at all. Actually, awareness can't be found as anything separate from the sights, sounds, thoughts and feelings that we previously described as arising 'within' it. It turns out that 'awareness' and 'the objects of awareness' are not separate in any meaningful sense at the experiential level (although, oddly enough, it can often be useful to separate them conceptually when we're trying to get to that 'awareness as container' experience described above, because it can help us to let go of some of our habitual attachment to the 'things' coming and going from moment to moment).

This is quite a big deal, because it means that 'awareness' (or 'mind') and 'phenomena' are not separate ('not two', i.e. non-dual). In other words, everything we ever experience is the movement of our own minds, as opposed to an objectively real experience of something 'out there'. That's not to say that there isn't anything 'out there' (I tend to believe that there is), just that what we actually experience is always and only our own minds, rather than anything else.

That's what Huineng is pointing to in today's koan, I think. The two monks are having a philosophical debate about the causality of sleighs and reindeer, and Huineng is stepping in to say 'Look, forget about all that - haven't you realised yet that all of this is your own mind?'

Whoah, excellent!

The consequences of a deep realisation of this truth can be pretty far-reaching, providing a clear insight into the Buddhist concept of emptiness - the idea that nothing we experience exists in some objective way, but actually everything is a kind of mental projection. You know that person who you find really annoying? (You know the one.) How would it be if the annoyance wasn't coming from them at all, but was actually coming from your own mind? You know when you had high expectations for something and then you were really disappointed when those expectations weren't met? Guess where those expectations came from - and guess where the disappointment comes from too.

As we become more familiar on the experiential level with the emptiness of absolutely everything we ever experience, we tend to find that our attitudes become much more flexible and accepting of unexpected change; it becomes easier (although maybe not 'easy') to get past frustrations, disappointments and other unfortunate episodes when the universe doesn't unfold the way we wanted it to. We get better at seeing, more and more quickly, that whenever we feel a sense of friction in our lives, a sense that 'it wasn't supposed to happen like this!', that's just us putting our own hopes and dreams onto a universe that unfortunately didn't get the memo and didn't realise it was supposed to obey our every whim.

Going deeper, we begin to realise that we can't plan and strategise our way through life, at least not with any reasonable expectation of success. Actually, the future is unknown. At times that can be scary, but at other times it can be tremendously exciting. Imagine how dull it would be if you knew everything that was going to happen for the rest of your life, like a movie you've already watched a hundred times.

As we open ourselves to the mystery of our lives, the world can at times seem almost magical. Experience takes on a quality of freshness and newness, and we can come to see even the most mundane details of our lives the way we once did when we were very young, or sometimes still do when we're on holiday in an unfamiliar place and everything is new and interesting.

All we have to do to step into this semi-magical world is to let go of our fixed views about what's going on. And a great way to do that is to explore this thing that we call 'mind', or 'awareness', and see that, far from being a passive observer of objectively real 'things out there', it's actually the very fabric of experience itself.

All of this is the movement of your mind.

Whoah.

A few weeks ago we took a look at the jhanas, four altered states of consciousness which can arise through deep meditation practice, particularly when we emphasise the samadhi (focus/stillness/concentration) aspect of practice as taught in the early Buddhist approach to practice.

In that article, we followed the progression of deepening concentration as far as the fourth jhana, then shifted gears and moved into the world of insight practice.

However, it turns out that, if we stay in the realm of samadhi, we can go deeper still - and that's what we're going to do this week. We'll start with a brief recap of the first four jhanas, and reframe them as a process of successive letting go. Then we'll go further down the rabbit hole and see where we end up!

The first four jhanas, redux

Samadhi practice is really very simple at its core. Find a quiet place where you won't be disturbed, and set yourself up in a comfortable-enough position that you can be physically still for quite a while. Then pick an object - any object will do, there are pros and cons to each choice - and place your attention on it. When you notice your mind has wandered, let go of the distraction, relax the body, and come back to your object. Do nothing else!

Concentration is not something we force to happen - it's something that happens by itself, when we set up sufficiently supportive conditions. The instructions in the paragraph above get the job done for me. There's more that can be said about the process of getting concentrated - Leigh and I offer a variety of 'aids' to getting concentrated when we teach jhana retreats, like the one we're offering in June 2023 through Gaia House - but the core of it is simply allowing your mind to settle down around its object.

At a certain point, the mind-wandering diminishes, and, by shifting the attention to a pleasant sensation somewhere in the body, we can enter the first jhana, described in the early suttas thus:

Quite secluded from sense pleasures, secluded from unwholesome states, one enters and dwells in the first jhana, which is accompanied by thought and examination, with rapture and happiness born of seclusion.

Now, the experience of the first jhana tends to be quite dramatic and striking for most people when they first encounter it. The 'rapture and happiness' mentioned in the old texts is often experienced as an energetic sensation, perhaps as strong heat or an electrical buzz throughout the body. Earlier in this article, I said that we could treat the jhanas as a process of 'letting go' - so maybe it seems weird that 'letting go' would lead to this kind of highly energised, 'up'-type experience!

Apparently, though, there's a physiological basis for this experience. I don't know all the details, but apparently there's a mechanism in the body which essentially generates the experience of bodily pleasure, and it's 'always on'. The reason that we don't experience bodily pleasure all the time is because there's another mechanism which acts as a kind of 'damper', suppressing the pleasure that we would otherwise be feeling. So it seems like what's actually going on as we enter the first jhana is that the suppression mechanism is shutting off while the pleasure-generator is still active, and so we get this very strong jhanic experience. Pretty interesting!

Anyway, from here onward the 'letting go' is much easier to see. As we move into the second jhana, the texts give us this:

With the subsiding of thought and examination, one enters and dwells in the second jhana, which has internal confidence and unification of mind, is without thought and examination, and has rapture and happiness born of concentration.

The second jhana is experientially much 'quieter' than the first jhana - the turbulence and mental activity of the first jhana passes away as the experience of bodily pleasure quietens down, and a gentler, subtler emotional happiness becomes predominant. When you get good at the jhanas, you'll start to notice that the emotional happiness was present in the first jhana too, but way in the background, because your experience was dominated by the energy stuff. As the energy recedes (and presumably that pleasure-generating mechanism starts to dial down), the emotional joy comes more to the forefront of consciousness.

Continuing the arc of quietening down and letting go, we enter the third jhana:

With the fading away as well of rapture, one dwells equanimous and, mindful and clearly comprehending, one experiences happiness with the body; one enters and dwells in the third jhana of which the noble ones declare: ‘That one is equanimous, mindful, one who dwells happily.’

The energy is gone at this point, and the joy has mellowed out into a quiet contentment. There's a very clear sense of progressively letting things settle down more and more - for many people there's even a somatic sense of things 'descending', like the first two jhanas are somehow centred in the upper body whereas the third is down in the abdomen. And as we continue down that slope, eventually we reach the end of the road for embodied experience:

With the abandoning of pleasure and pain, and with the previous passing away of joy and displeasure, one enters and dwells in the fourth jhana, which is neither painful nor pleasant and includes the purification of mindfulness by equanimity.

The fourth jhana is subjectively neutral, deeply peaceful, very stable and settled. That stable quality, combined with the profound level of concentration that's been developed to get to this point, makes it a great place to start doing insight practice, and that's exactly what the discourse we were following last time recommends. But other discourses invite us to go further still - so let's see what happens if we do!

Going deeper: the arupas (aka jhanas 5-8)

Sometimes you'll hear teachers (me included) talking about eight 'jhanas'. Strictly speaking, there are only four 'material jhanas' (the four 'rupa jhanas' described above), followed by four 'immaterial states' ('arupa ayatanas'), but all eight are concentration states and it works well to go from the fourth rupa jhana into the first arupa ayatana, so it seems reasonable enough to talk about what comes next as the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth jhana unless we're trying to be sticklers for textual accuracy.

Anyway, in order to enter the arupas, we continue that process of letting go that we've already been following. But what does that look like?

With the complete transcending of perceptions of [physical] form, with the disappearance of perceptions of resistance, and not heeding perceptions of diversity, [perceiving,] 'Infinite space,' one enters and dwells in the dimension of infinite space.

People who spend a lot of time in the fourth jhana often start to notice that the awareness of their own body is getting kinda vague, or even that the body seems to vanish entirely. Actually, the perception of the body can get weird well before the fourth jhana - as the mind begins to settle and the body remains still, little by little our brains may stop doing some the stuff they usually do because it isn't needed right at that moment. Proprioception (the sense of where the body is in space) can get a bit weird - people may feel very light or very heavy, or that their hands have become huge, that sort of thing.

Continuing this process still further, after a while the mind simply stops 'painting in' the body into experience. This is a really interesting thing to observe, because it's a first-hand insight into emptiness - or at least it can be, if we're paying attention! Most of the time, our experience feels like it's a perfect 1:1 representation of an objectively real external world, as if our eyes are windows looking out onto a world which is obviously just the way we see it. But actually everything we ever experience is a kind of mental projection, our mind's best attempt to render what's going on around us in a way we can understand. So when we get very concentrated, our experience gets very 'weird' because we're actually starting to change the way that mental projection is being constructed - we can, in effect, see its constructed nature for ourselves. Very cool!

Anyway, the transition from the fourth jhana to the fifth - which is probably the trickiest of the whole lot - requires us to let go of material existence itself. Not just the body, but actually all perception of physical form, boundary or resistance. (One way to do this is to introduce a sense of 'expansion' into your experience and then simply follow the expansion, bigger and bigger, until eventually all perception of limitation and boundary drops away and boom, there's the limitless space of the fifth jhana.)

Interestingly, in the fifth jhana we still have the sense of space itself - it's just that there aren't any objects in the space any more. There's a subtle sense of an observer who is aware of the space, but otherwise the space is devoid of objects of any sort. It's just a really, really big space. Personally, I find this really cool, because under ordinary circumstances it's actually really hard to notice the space in a room rather than being drawn to the things in the room - the keyboard, the screen, the windows and so forth. But, in the same way that the happiness of the second jhana is present in the first jhana too but buried under all that the energetic pleasure, it seems like the space is present but buried under all of those things - so when the things empty out, the space becomes apparent.

A big empty space is cool enough, but we can let go further still:

With the complete transcending of the dimension of infinite space, [perceiving,] 'Infinite consciousness,' one enters and dwells in the dimension of infinite consciousness.

The shift here is a pretty subtle one - a kind of 'turning back'. We've already let go of all the stuff in the space - next, the mind lets go of the sense of space itself. So what's left? The knowing of the space - the 'consciousness' of the space. The space was limitless, so the consciousness of the space is limitless too. We 'watch the watcher' - we become consciousness of the limitless consciousness itself. If that sounds weird, well, come on a retreat with me and learn how to do it, then see if you can describe it any better!

At this point we've let go of pretty much everything, right? No body, no things, no space - just pure consciousness, knowing itself. Surely this must be the end of the road! But no:

With the complete transcending of the dimension of infinite consciousness, [perceiving,] 'There is nothing,' one enters and dwells in the dimension of nothingness.

Sometimes, translators will render 'nothingness' as 'no-thing-ness' in an attempt to help the reader understand what's going on. Honestly, though, it's a tough one - like most things, until you've experienced it, it's hard to get a sense of what it's like. Whatever you're imagining, it probably isn't that.

The best I can do is to say that, when I open the fridge to get a bottle of milk, and the milk isn't there (usually because my partner has taken it and not yet put it back), there's a moment of 'nothingness' - I was expecting something (the bottle of milk), instead of which I'm confronted by absence. There's nothing there. It isn't any kind of 'something' - I'm not seeing the space where the milk should be, or even the consciousness of the missing milk. In that moment I'm simply touching into no-thing-ness - I was expecting a thing to be there, but there ain't no thing. There's nothing.

Well, it turns out that this experience of nothingness/no-thing-ness can actually be sustained, and the mind can learn to rest there for extended periods. And that's the 'seventh jhana' - the 'dimension of nothingness', as the translation above puts it.

Now we really have reached the end of the road as far as perception is concerned. Nothingness seems to be the subtlest (non-)object that we can experience whilst clearly knowing that that's what's going on. And yet we aren't done with the arupas yet - there's still one more:

With the complete transcending of the dimension of nothingness, one enters and dwells in the dimension of neither-perception-nor-non-perception.

Oh boy.

So first, notice that the previous arupas all included a phrase like '[perceiving,] "Space/Consciousness/etc. is infinite,"' - in other words, there's still a clear knowing of what specifically is going on, it's just a pretty strange, rarefied thing that's happening. In the eighth jhana we don't get that clarity - we simply enter and dwell in the dimension of neither-perception-nor-non-perception.

This is a nightmare to describe because, by definition, any concrete description of it refers to a specific perception, and there isn't a specific perception in the eighth jhana - we've let go of perception now. At the same time, though, we're not unconscious - there's something going on, it's just that it's nothing in particular (not even 'nothing'!).

The best I can do is to say it's like that moment where you see something unfamiliar out of the corner of your eye and your mind scrabbles around trying to figure out what the heck it is. Usually that process only takes a fraction of a second before your mind either latches on to something specific and says 'Oh, it's this!' (even when it's wrong) or gives up altogether and says 'Not important, forget about it'. Well, the eighth jhana is like taking that in-between state where it hasn't landed on anything at all and staying there. (It's a bit like the joke about learning to fly - all you have to do is fall over and miss the ground.)

Deeper still - cessations of consciousness

The eighth jhana is as far as we can go with conscious experience - but some intrepid meditators have gone further still, developing a whole taxonomy of types of cessation of consciousness. By their very nature, these are not really experiences that you have, so much as 'gaps' in experience, where you realise that time has passed and you weren't there to experience it.

The simplest kind of cessation of consciousness happens to most of us every day, when we fall asleep. (I'm told that it's possible to train oneself to remain conscious in deep dreamless sleep, but I haven't done that. I like my sleep just fine the way it is!)

Perhaps more interesting from a meditation standpoint, some teachers offer a take on the jhanas which is so deep that consciousness appears to shut off while the practitioner is in the jhana. It's only after emerging from the jhana (often after several hours) that the practitioner can 'look back' to see what just happened. It's difficult to reconcile that approach with the descriptions of the rupa jhanas in the early texts (e.g. the description of the third jhana talks about experiencing happiness in the body, which is hard to do when you're not having any experience at all), but nevertheless it's a fascinating practice that shows just how far these practices can be taken.

Cessation of consciousness can also happen through insight practice. At certain moments, we can go through a kind of 'reboot', in which consciousness momentarily seems to shut off and then come back online, generally feeling greatly relaxed and refreshed. These moments can sometimes be profoundly significant and herald a shift in our practice, or at other times they can simply be something that happens and leaves us feeling pretty good for a while. (These types of experiences are explored in vastly more detail in the Mahasi tradition. It's not a style I've worked with myself to any great extent, and I have some reservations about the approach, but if you want to know more, check out Mahasi's Practical Insight Meditation.)

The creme-de-la-creme of cessation experiences is 'the cessation of perception and feeling', sometimes called 'nirodha samapatti' (the attainment of cessation). Purists will argue that the cessations I've listed above are only 'apparent' cessations, and that, when examined closely enough, a subtle object of consciousness can still be found (deep dreamless sleep in the first case, the nimitta and/or jhana factors in the second case, nibbana in the third case), whereas in nirodha there's nothing at all - zero, zip, zilch. I don't believe I've ever experienced nirodha samapatti myself so I can't speak from (non-)experience here, but you can find living teachers who claim to have done it, and I find it interesting to read their accounts and see what lines up and what doesn't between them. If you're interested in this stuff, good luck to you, and let me know how you get on!

I just came here for some stress relief, why are you talking about all this weird stuff?

If your interest in meditation is limited to doing a bit of practice every now and again to help you chill out, then sure, this kind of material is probably not going to be terribly relevant to you. Hit up my Audio page, try some of the guided meditations, and maybe take a look at my book, Pathways of Meditation.

That said, I do make a deliberate effort to expose the 'deeper' end of the meditation world as well. I first got interested in actually doing the practice rather than just reading about it when I came across a book which did talk very explicitly about the deep end of the swimming pool and gave clear, detailed instructions for how to approach it. I figure that if people don't know what's possible, there's a real risk of missing out on something that could otherwise have been incredibly valuable to them - so it's my duty to shine a light into the darker corners of the meditation world and do my very best to let people know what's lurking in there. If it isn't your cup of tea, that's cool, but at least you've had the option and chosen to take a different path.

For me, it's also inspiring (and frequently humbling) to hear about the farthest reaches of the human experience. Any time I start to think I'm pretty hot stuff, I can remind myself that I'm still in the foothills of a vast mountain range stretching on to the horizon. There's so much to explore, so many wonderful practitioners with astonishing skills, and so much kindness and compassion in every generation of teachers going back thousands of years in their willingness to preserve and disseminate what they've found. If I can be a part of that tradition, even in a small way, then I believe my life will have been well lived.

May your own explorations bring you joy, wonder and peace.